diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'docs/INTERNALS')
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/INTERNALS | 234 |
1 files changed, 233 insertions, 1 deletions
diff --git a/docs/INTERNALS b/docs/INTERNALS index b134260c3..4cd63b4e2 100644 --- a/docs/INTERNALS +++ b/docs/INTERNALS @@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ Table of Contents - [hostip.c explained](#hostip) - [Track Down Memory Leaks](#memoryleak) - [`multi_socket`](#multi_socket) + - [Structs in libcurl](#structs) <a name="intro"></a> curl internals @@ -848,6 +849,235 @@ Track Down Memory Leaks only `fd_sets` and that is no longer good enough. The changes done to c-ares are available in c-ares 1.3.1 and later. +<a name="structs"></a> +Structs in libcurl +================== + +This section should cover 7.32.0 pretty accurately, but will make sense even +for older and later versions as things don't change drastically that often. + +## SessionHandle + + The SessionHandle handle struct is the one returned to the outside in the + external API as a "CURL *". This is usually known as an easy handle in API + documentations and examples. + + Information and state that is related to the actual connection is in the + 'connectdata' struct. When a transfer is about to be made, libcurl will + either create a new connection or re-use an existing one. The particular + connectdata that is used by this handle is pointed out by + SessionHandle->easy_conn. + + Data and information that regard this particular single transfer is put in + the SingleRequest sub-struct. + + When the SessionHandle struct is added to a multi handle, as it must be in + order to do any transfer, the ->multi member will point to the `Curl_multi` + struct it belongs to. The ->prev and ->next members will then be used by the + multi code to keep a linked list of SessionHandle structs that are added to + that same multi handle. libcurl always uses multi so ->multi *will* point to + a `Curl_multi` when a transfer is in progress. + + ->mstate is the multi state of this particular SessionHandle. When + `multi_runsingle()` is called, it will act on this handle according to which + state it is in. The mstate is also what tells which sockets to return for a + specific SessionHandle when [`curl_multi_fdset()`][12] is called etc. + + The libcurl source code generally use the name 'data' for the variable that + points to the SessionHandle. + + When doing multiplexed HTTP/2 transfers, each SessionHandle is associated + with an individual stream, sharing the same connectdata struct. Multiplexing + makes it even more important to keep things associated with the right thing! + +## connectdata + + A general idea in libcurl is to keep connections around in a connection + "cache" after they have been used in case they will be used again and then + re-use an existing one instead of creating a new as it creates a significant + performance boost. + + Each 'connectdata' identifies a single physical connection to a server. If + the connection can't be kept alive, the connection will be closed after use + and then this struct can be removed from the cache and freed. + + Thus, the same SessionHandle can be used multiple times and each time select + another connectdata struct to use for the connection. Keep this in mind, as + it is then important to consider if options or choices are based on the + connection or the SessionHandle. + + Functions in libcurl will assume that connectdata->data points to the + SessionHandle that uses this connection (for the moment). + + As a special complexity, some protocols supported by libcurl require a + special disconnect procedure that is more than just shutting down the + socket. It can involve sending one or more commands to the server before + doing so. Since connections are kept in the connection cache after use, the + original SessionHandle may no longer be around when the time comes to shut + down a particular connection. For this purpose, libcurl holds a special + dummy `closure_handle` SessionHandle in the `Curl_multi` struct to use when + needed. + + FTP uses two TCP connections for a typical transfer but it keeps both in + this single struct and thus can be considered a single connection for most + internal concerns. + + The libcurl source code generally use the name 'conn' for the variable that + points to the connectdata. + +## Curl_multi + + Internally, the easy interface is implemented as a wrapper around multi + interface functions. This makes everything multi interface. + + `Curl_multi` is the multi handle struct exposed as "CURLM *" in external APIs. + + This struct holds a list of SessionHandle structs that have been added to + this handle with [`curl_multi_add_handle()`][13]. The start of the list is + ->easyp and ->num_easy is a counter of added SessionHandles. + + ->msglist is a linked list of messages to send back when + [`curl_multi_info_read()`][14] is called. Basically a node is added to that + list when an individual SessionHandle's transfer has completed. + + ->hostcache points to the name cache. It is a hash table for looking up name + to IP. The nodes have a limited life time in there and this cache is meant + to reduce the time for when the same name is wanted within a short period of + time. + + ->timetree points to a tree of SessionHandles, sorted by the remaining time + until it should be checked - normally some sort of timeout. Each + SessionHandle has one node in the tree. + + ->sockhash is a hash table to allow fast lookups of socket descriptor to + which SessionHandle that uses that descriptor. This is necessary for the + `multi_socket` API. + + ->conn_cache points to the connection cache. It keeps track of all + connections that are kept after use. The cache has a maximum size. + + ->closure_handle is described in the 'connectdata' section. + + The libcurl source code generally use the name 'multi' for the variable that + points to the Curl_multi struct. + +## Curl_handler + + Each unique protocol that is supported by libcurl needs to provide at least + one `Curl_handler` struct. It defines what the protocol is called and what + functions the main code should call to deal with protocol specific issues. + In general, there's a source file named [protocol].c in which there's a + "struct `Curl_handler` `Curl_handler_[protocol]`" declared. In url.c there's + then the main array with all individual `Curl_handler` structs pointed to + from a single array which is scanned through when a URL is given to libcurl + to work with. + + ->scheme is the URL scheme name, usually spelled out in uppercase. That's + "HTTP" or "FTP" etc. SSL versions of the protcol need its own `Curl_handler` + setup so HTTPS separate from HTTP. + + ->setup_connection is called to allow the protocol code to allocate protocol + specific data that then gets associated with that SessionHandle for the rest + of this transfer. It gets freed again at the end of the transfer. It will be + called before the 'connectdata' for the transfer has been selected/created. + Most protocols will allocate its private 'struct [PROTOCOL]' here and assign + SessionHandle->req.protop to point to it. + + ->connect_it allows a protocol to do some specific actions after the TCP + connect is done, that can still be considered part of the connection phase. + + Some protocols will alter the connectdata->recv[] and connectdata->send[] + function pointers in this function. + + ->connecting is similarly a function that keeps getting called as long as the + protocol considers itself still in the connecting phase. + + ->do_it is the function called to issue the transfer request. What we call + the DO action internally. If the DO is not enough and things need to be kept + getting done for the entire DO sequence to complete, ->doing is then usually + also provided. Each protocol that needs to do multiple commands or similar + for do/doing need to implement their own state machines (see SCP, SFTP, + FTP). Some protocols (only FTP and only due to historical reasons) has a + separate piece of the DO state called `DO_MORE`. + + ->doing keeps getting called while issuing the transfer request command(s) + + ->done gets called when the transfer is complete and DONE. That's after the + main data has been transferred. + + ->do_more gets called during the `DO_MORE` state. The FTP protocol uses this + state when setting up the second connection. + + ->`proto_getsock` + ->`doing_getsock` + ->`domore_getsock` + ->`perform_getsock` + Functions that return socket information. Which socket(s) to wait for which + action(s) during the particular multi state. + + ->disconnect is called immediately before the TCP connection is shutdown. + + ->readwrite gets called during transfer to allow the protocol to do extra + reads/writes + + ->defport is the default report TCP or UDP port this protocol uses + + ->protocol is one or more bits in the `CURLPROTO_*` set. The SSL versions + have their "base" protocol set and then the SSL variation. Like + "HTTP|HTTPS". + + ->flags is a bitmask with additional information about the protocol that will + make it get treated differently by the generic engine: + + - `PROTOPT_SSL` - will make it connect and negotiate SSL + + - `PROTOPT_DUAL` - this protocol uses two connections + + - `PROTOPT_CLOSEACTION` - this protocol has actions to do before closing the + connection. This flag is no longer used by code, yet still set for a bunch + protocol handlers. + + - `PROTOPT_DIRLOCK` - "direction lock". The SSH protocols set this bit to + limit which "direction" of socket actions that the main engine will + concern itself about. + + - `PROTOPT_NONETWORK` - a protocol that doesn't use network (read file:) + + - `PROTOPT_NEEDSPWD` - this protocol needs a password and will use a default + one unless one is provided + + - `PROTOPT_NOURLQUERY` - this protocol can't handle a query part on the URL + (?foo=bar) + +## conncache + + Is a hash table with connections for later re-use. Each SessionHandle has + a pointer to its connection cache. Each multi handle sets up a connection + cache that all added SessionHandles share by default. + +## Curl_share + + The libcurl share API allocates a `Curl_share` struct, exposed to the + external API as "CURLSH *". + + The idea is that the struct can have a set of own versions of caches and + pools and then by providing this struct in the `CURLOPT_SHARE` option, those + specific SessionHandles will use the caches/pools that this share handle + holds. + + Then individual SessionHandle structs can be made to share specific things + that they otherwise wouldn't, such as cookies. + + The `Curl_share` struct can currently hold cookies, DNS cache and the SSL + session cache. + +## CookieInfo + + This is the main cookie struct. It holds all known cookies and related + information. Each SessionHandle has its own private CookieInfo even when + they are added to a multi handle. They can be made to share cookies by using + the share API. + [1]: http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_easy_setopt.html [2]: http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_easy_init.html @@ -860,4 +1090,6 @@ Track Down Memory Leaks [9]: http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_multi_setopt.html [10]: http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/CURLMOPT_TIMERFUNCTION.html [11]: http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_multi_perform.html -[12]: http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_multi_fdset.html
\ No newline at end of file +[12]: http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_multi_fdset.html +[13]: http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_multi_add_handle.html +[14]: http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_multi_info_read.html |