diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'docs/libcurl-the-guide')
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/libcurl-the-guide | 167 |
1 files changed, 144 insertions, 23 deletions
diff --git a/docs/libcurl-the-guide b/docs/libcurl-the-guide index b52b40037..9d3a65c5f 100644 --- a/docs/libcurl-the-guide +++ b/docs/libcurl-the-guide @@ -137,9 +137,22 @@ Handle the Easy libcurl It returns an easy handle. Using that you proceed to the next step: setting up your preferred actions. A handle is just a logic entity for the upcoming - transfer or series of transfers. One of the most basic properties to set in - the handle is the URL. You set your preferred URL to transfer with - CURLOPT_URL in a manner similar to: + transfer or series of transfers. + + You set properties and options for this handle using curl_easy_setopt(). They + control how the subsequent transfer or transfers will be made. Options remain + set in the handle until set again to something different. Alas, multiple + requests using the same handle will use the same options. + + Many of the informationals you set in libcurl are "strings", pointers to data + terminated with a zero byte. Keep in mind that when you set strings with + curl_easy_setopt(), libcurl will not copy the data. It will merely point to + the data. You MUST make sure that the data remains available for libcurl to + use until finished or until you use the same option again to point to + something else. + + One of the most basic properties to set in the handle is the URL. You set + your preferred URL to transfer with CURLOPT_URL in a manner similar to: curl_easy_setopt(easyhandle, CURLOPT_URL, "http://curl.haxx.se/"); @@ -358,12 +371,16 @@ HTTP POSTing curl_easy_perform(easyhandle); /* post away! */ - Simple enough, huh? Ok, so what if you want to post binary data that also - requires you to set the Content-Type: header of the post? Well, binary posts - prevents libcurl from being able to do strlen() on the data to figure out the - size, so therefore we must tell libcurl the size of the post data. Setting - headers in libcurl requests are done in a generic way, by building a list of - our own headers and then passing that list to libcurl. + Simple enough, huh? Since you set the POST options with the + CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, this automaticly switches the handle to use POST in the + upcoming request. + + Ok, so what if you want to post binary data that also requires you to set the + Content-Type: header of the post? Well, binary posts prevents libcurl from + being able to do strlen() on the data to figure out the size, so therefore we + must tell libcurl the size of the post data. Setting headers in libcurl + requests are done in a generic way, by building a list of our own headers and + then passing that list to libcurl. struct curl_slist *headers=NULL; headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Content-Type: text/xml"); @@ -416,14 +433,14 @@ HTTP POSTing /* free the post data again */ curl_formfree(post); - The multipart formposts are a chain of parts using MIME-style separators and - headers. That means that each of these separate parts get a few headers set - that describes its individual content-type, size etc. Now, to enable your + Multipart formposts are chains of parts using MIME-style separators and + headers. It means that each one of these separate parts get a few headers set + that describe the individual content-type, size etc. To enable your application to handicraft this formpost even more, libcurl allows you to - supply your own custom headers to an individual form part. You can of course - supply headers to as many parts you like, but this little example will show - how you have set headers to one specific part when you add that to post - handle: + supply your own set of custom headers to such an individual form part. You + can of course supply headers to as many parts you like, but this little + example will show how you set headers to one specific part when you add that + to the post handle: struct curl_slist *headers=NULL; headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Content-Type: text/xml"); @@ -439,9 +456,22 @@ HTTP POSTing curl_formfree(post); /* free post */ curl_slist_free_all(post); /* free custom header list */ + Since all options on an easyhandle are "sticky", they remain the same until + changed even if you do call curl_easy_perform(), you may need to tell curl to + go back to a plain GET request if you intend to do such a one as your next + request. You force an easyhandle to back to GET by using the CURLOPT_HTTPGET + option: + + curl_easy_setopt(easyhandle, CURLOPT_HTTPGET, TRUE); + + Just setting CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS to "" or NULL will *not* stop libcurl from + doing a POST. It will just make it POST without any data to send! + Showing Progress + [ built-in progress meter, progress callback ] + libcurl with C++ @@ -488,16 +518,107 @@ Proxies proxy is using the HTTP protocol. For example, you can't invoke your own custom FTP commands or even proper FTP directory listings. - To tell libcurl to use a proxy at a given port number: + Proxy Options + + To tell libcurl to use a proxy at a given port number: + + curl_easy_setopt(easyhandle, CURLOPT_PROXY, "proxy-host.com:8080"); + + Some proxies require user authentication before allowing a request, and + you pass that information similar to this: + + curl_easy_setopt(easyhandle, CURLOPT_PROXYUSERPWD, "user:password"); + + If you want to, you can specify the host name only in the CURLOPT_PROXY + option, and set the port number separately with CURLOPT_PROXYPORT. + + Environment Variables + + libcurl automaticly checks and uses a set of environment variables to know + what proxies to use for certain protocols. The names of the variables are + following an ancient de facto standard and are built up as + "[protocol]_proxy" (note the lower casing). Which makes the variable + 'http_proxy' checked for a name of a proxy to use when the input URL is + HTTP. Following the same rule, the variable named 'ftp_proxy' is checked + for FTP URLs. Again, the proxies are always HTTP proxies, the different + names of the variables simply allows different HTTP proxies to be used. + + The proxy environment variable contents should be in the format + "[protocol://]machine[:port]". Where the protocol:// part is simply + ignored if present (so http://proxy and bluerk://proxy will do the same) + and the optional port number specifies on which port the proxy operates on + the host. If not specified, the internal default port number will be used + and that is most likely *not* the one you would like it to be. + + There are two special environment variables. 'all_proxy' is what sets + proxy for any URL in case the protocol specific variable wasn't set, and + 'no_proxy' defines a list of hosts that should not use a proxy even though + a variable may say so. If 'no_proxy' is a plain asterisk ("*") it matches + all hosts. + + SSL and Proxies + + SSL is for secure point-to-point connections. This envolves strong + encryption and similar things, which effectivly makes it impossible for a + proxy to operate as a "man in between" which the proxy's task is as + previously discussed. Instead, the only way to have SSL work over a HTTP + proxy is to ask the proxy to tunnel trough everything without being able + to check the traffic. + + Opening an SSL connection over a HTTP proxy is therefor a matter of asking + the proxy for a straight connection to the target host on a specified + port. This is made with the HTTP request CONNECT. + + Because of the nature of this operation, where the proxy has no idea what + kind of data that is passed in and out through this tunnel, this + effectively breaks some of the pros a proxy might offer, such as caching. + Many organizations prevent this kind of tunneling to other destination + port numbers than 443 (which is the default HTTPS port number). + + Tunneling Through Proxy + + As explained above, tunneling is required for SSL to work and often even + restricted to the operation intended for SSL; HTTPS. + + This is however not the only time proxy-tunneling might offer benefits to + you or your application. + + As tunneling opens a direct connection from your application to the remote + machine, it suddenly also re-introduces the ability to do non-HTTP + operations over a HTTP proxy. You can in fact use things such as FTP + upload or FTP custom commands this way. + + Again, this is often prevented by the adminstrators of proxies and is + rarely allowed. + + Tell libcurl to use proxy tunneling like this: + + curl_easy_setopt(easyhandle, CURLOPT_HTTPPROXYTUNNEL, TRUE); + + Proxy Auto-Config + + Netscape first came up with this. It is basicly a web page (usually using + a .pac extension) with a javascript that when executed by the browser with + the requested URL as input, returns information to the browser on how to + connect to the URL. The returned information might be "DIRECT" (which + means no proxy should be used), "PROXY host:port" (to tell the browser + where the proxy for this particular URL is) or "SOCKS host:port" (to + direct the brower to a SOCKS proxy). + + libcurl has no means to interpret or evaluate javascript and thus it + doesn't support this. If you get yourself in a position where you face + this nasty invention, the following advice have been mentioned and used in + the past: - curl_easy_setopt(easyhandle, CURLOPT_PROXY, "proxy-host.com:8080"); + - Depending on the javascript complexity, write up a script that + translates it to another language and execute that. - Some proxies require user authentication before allowing a request, and you - pass that information similar to this: + - Read the javascript code and rewrite the same logic in another language. - curl_easy_setopt(easyhandle, CURLOPT_PROXYUSERPWD, "user:password"); + - Implement a javascript interpreted, people have successfully used the + Mozilla javascript engine in the past. - [ environment variables, SSL, tunneling, automatic proxy config (.pac) ] + - Ask your admins to stop this, for a static proxy setup or similar. Security Considerations @@ -505,7 +626,7 @@ Security Considerations [ ps output, netrc plain text, plain text protocols / base64 ] -Certificates and Other SSL Tricks +SSL, Certificates and Other Tricks Future |